Coleoborers in Bambusa sp. in the Southern Amazon / Coleobrocas em Bambusa sp. na Amazonia Meridional

Bamboo (Bambusa sp.) is a grass species with high potential for exploitation, however, this raw material is easily attacked by xylophagous agents such as Coleoptera. The objective of this study is thus to analyse the presence of wood-boring beetles associated with Bambusa sp. in Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The study was carried out in a bamboo plantation, from August 2016 to July 2017. Two models of ethanolic traps were used, PET Santa Maria and ESALQ-84. Three families of wood-boring beetles were observed in this study: Bostrichidae, Cerambycidae and Curculionidae. 2,144 individuals were identified, belonging to 19 species, in four subfamilies and 11 tribes, and the species Xyleborus affinis was the most frequently collected. Thus, this study constitutes an important contribution to the knowledge of coleoborers associated with bamboo plantations, with the registration of the occurrence of species, as well as contributing to the knowledge of the entomofauna associated with species cultivated in the Southern Amazon.

O bambu (Bambusa sp.) é uma espécie de gramínea com alto potencial de exploração de fibras, no entanto, essa matéria-prima é facilmente atacada por agentes xilófagos, como os coleópteros. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a presença de besouros associados a Bambusa sp. em Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brasil. O estudo foi realizado em um plantio de bambu, no período de agosto de 2016 a julho de 2017. Foram utilizados dois modelos de armadilhas etanólicas, o PET Santa Maria e ESALQ-84. Três famílias de coleobrocas foram observadas neste estudo: Bostrichidae, Cerambycidae e Curculionidae. Foram identificados 2,144 indivíduos, pertencentes a 19 espécies, em quatro subfamílias e 11 tribos, e Xyleborus affinis foi a espécie com maior número de indivíduos coletados. Assim, este estudo constitui-se em uma importante contribuição para o conhecimento de coleobrocas associadas a plantios de bamboo, com o registro de ocorrência de espécies, bem como contribui para o conhecimento da entomofauna associada a espécies cultivadas na Amazônia Meridional.

Coleoborers in Bambusa sp. in the Southern Amazon / Coleobrocas em Bambusa sp. na Amazonia Meridional

Abstract Bamboo (Bambusa sp.) is a grass species with high potential for exploitation, however, this raw material is easily attacked by xylophagous agents such as Coleoptera. The objective of this study is thus to analyse the presence of wood-boring beetles associated with Bambusa sp. in Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The study was carried out in a bamboo plantation, from August 2016 to July 2017. Two models of ethanolic traps were used, PET Santa Maria and ESALQ-84. Three families of wood-boring beetles were observed in this study: Bostrichidae, Cerambycidae and Curculionidae. 2,144 individuals were identified, belonging to 19 species, in four subfamilies and 11 tribes, and the species Xyleborus affinis was the most frequently collected. Thus, this study constitutes an important contribution to the knowledge of coleoborers associated with bamboo plantations, with the registration of the occurrence of species, as well as contributing to the knowledge of the entomofauna associated with species cultivated in the Southern Amazon.

Resumo O bambu (Bambusa sp.) é uma espécie de gramínea com alto potencial de exploração de fibras, no entanto, essa matéria-prima é facilmente atacada por agentes xilófagos, como os coleópteros. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a presença de besouros associados a Bambusa sp. em Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brasil. O estudo foi realizado em um plantio de bambu, no período de agosto de 2016 a julho de 2017. Foram utilizados dois modelos de armadilhas etanólicas, o PET Santa Maria e ESALQ-84. Três famílias de coleobrocas foram observadas neste estudo: Bostrichidae, Cerambycidae e Curculionidae. Foram identificados 2,144 indivíduos, pertencentes a 19 espécies, em quatro subfamílias e 11 tribos, e Xyleborus affinis foi a espécie com maior número de indivíduos coletados. Assim, este estudo constitui-se em uma importante contribuição para o conhecimento de coleobrocas associadas a plantios de bamboo, com o registro de ocorrência de espécies, bem como contribui para o conhecimento da entomofauna associada a espécies cultivadas na Amazônia Meridional.

Mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in bamboo internodes in the northwestern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Bamboo internodes can serve as a breeding ground for a diverse mosquito fauna, some with relative epidemiological importance. The goal of this study is to determine the mosquitoes´ species found in the bamboo internodes at the northwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. From September 2016 to August, 2017 immature forms of mosquitoes were collected from bamboos (Bambusa sp.), in the quarterly intervals (ten plants per collection) through 0.5 cm in diameter perforations on 40 internodes sides. After 30 days, the perforated internodes were cut out and their contents were taken to the laboratory where the immature forms of mosquitoes developed to adult stage were identified. A total of 367 immature forms of Culicidae were collected, however only 158 (43.1%) have developed to adult stage and were identified at a specific level. Eight species were identified: Onirium personatum (Lutz, 1904), Sabethes aurescens (Lutz, 1905), Sa. intermedius (Lutz, 1904), Sa. purpureus (Theobald, 1907), Shannoniana fluviatilis (Theobald, 1903), Trichoprosopon pallidiventer (Lutz, 1905), Wyeomyia limai (Lane & Cerqueira, 1942) and Wyeomyia serratoria (Dyar & Nuñez Tovar, 1927). Thus, the study showed the importance of this type of breeding in order to maintain the mosquito fauna in the wild areas in the studied region. The finding of the species On. personatum and Sh. fluviatilis was also reported for the first time in the State.

Composição química e atividades biológicas de extratos e frações de Guadua chacoensis (Rojas) Londoño & P.M. Peterson / Chemical composition and biological activities of extracts and fractions of Guadua chacoensis (Rojas) Londoño & P.M. Peterson

O Brasil é o país que possui a maior diversidade de bambus em todo o continente americano, com mais de 200 espécies catalogadas. Devido à alta resistência e durabilidade, essas espécies são muito utilizadas na construção civil e confecção de móveis e utensílios. No entanto, faltam estudos que investiguem a composição química e as atividades biológicas. Neste projeto foram avaliados extratos etanólicos de folhas e colmos de Guadua chacoensis (Rojas) Londoño & P.M. Peterson e frações em hexano, clorofórmio, acetato de etila e n-butanol. Também se obteve o óleo volátil, mas com um rendimento extremamente baixo (0,00079%). As frações dos extratos apresentaram teores de compostos fenólicos variando entre 1,92 e 15,80 µg EAG/mg. Esses compostos mostraram-se mais abundantes nas amostras de colmos. Em relação ao teor de flavonoides, as folhas apresentaram maior quantidade, variando entre 0,39 e 1,18 µg EQ/mg contra 0,17 a 0,34 µg EQ/mg nos colmos. Investigou-se a atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos, frações e óleo volátil frente cinco microrganismos: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans e Aspergillus brasiliensis. As amostras demonstraram potencial inibitório moderado a bom contra S. aureus e C. albicans, porém fraca para as demais espécies. Testou-se a capacidade antioxidante frente o radical DPPH e os resultados indicaram atividade antioxidante significativa, especialmente as frações acetato e butanol de colmos. As folhas apresentaram EC50 variando entre 67,5 e 124,0 µg/mL e os colmos entre 40,2 e 124 µg/mL. A inibição da enzima tirosinase, que está associada à produção de melanina, também se mostrou boa a uma concentração de 1 mg/mL, com o extrato bruto de colmos apresentando 43% de inibição, seguido pelas frações acetato (36%) e n-butanol (38%) de folhas. As análises por CG-MS detectaram pelo menos 44 compostos diferentes no óleo volátil, com vários terpenos e sesquiterpenos, e com ß-ionona sendo o componente majoritário (8,75%). As amostras de colmos e folhas apontaram grande diversidade de compostos, cerca de 20 para cada fração, onde os ácidos graxos como ácido palmítico e linoleico e seus ésteres derivados foram os mais abundantes. A análise dos perfis cromatográficos por CCD e CLAE revelaram a presença de ácido p-cumárico nos colmos de G. chacoensis. Esse composto tem relevante atividade antioxidante e de inibição da tirosinase. Também foi possível identificar a quercetagetina-7-O-glicosídeo, uma flavona glicosilada, com propriedades anti-inflamatorias e antidiabéticas. Desta forma, constatou-se que G. chacoensis apresenta grande diversidade de metabólitos secundários com atividades biológicas relevantes, como atividade antioxidante e clareadora, abrindo caminho para investigações mais profundas de suas aplicações, especialmente no segmento de cosméticos e produtos naturais

Brazil is the country with the greatest diversity of bamboo in the entire American continent, with more than 200 species catalogued. Due to their high resistance and durability, they are widely used in home construction and manufacture of furniture and utensils. However, studies investigating chemical composition and biological activities are absent. In this project, ethanol extracts from leaves and stems of Guadua chacoensis (Rojas) Londoño & P.M. Peterson and fractions in hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol were evaluated. Volatile oil was also obtained, but with an extremely low yield (0.00079%). The fractions of the extracts presented contents of phenolic compounds varying between 1.92 and 15.80 µg GAE/mg. These compounds were more abundant in culm samples. In relation to the flavonoid content, leaves showed a greater amount, varying between 0.39 and 1.18 µg QE/mg against 0.17 to 0.34 µg QE/mg in culms. The antimicrobial activity of extracts, fractions and volatile oil were investigated against five microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis. The samples showed moderate to good inhibitory potential against S. aureus and C. albicans, but weak for the other species. The antioxidant capacity was tested against the DPPH radical and the results indicated significant antioxidant activity, especially acetate and butanol culm fractions. The leaves presented EC50 varying between 67.5 and 124.0 µg/mL and culms between 40.2 and 124 µg/mL. The inhibition of the enzyme tyrosinase, which is associated with the production of melanin, was also shown to be good at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, with the raw culm extract showing 43% inhibition, followed by acetate (36%) and n-butanol (38%) fractions of leaves. CG-MS analysis detected at least 44 different compounds in volatile oil, with several terpenes and sesquiterpenes, and with ß-ionone being the major component (8.75%). Culm and leaf samples showed great diversity of compounds, about 20 for each fraction, where fatty acids such as palmitic and linoleic acid and their derivative esters were the most abundant. The analysis of the chromatographic profiles by TLC and HPLC revealed the presence of p-coumaric acid in culms of G. chacoensis. This compound has relevant antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibiting activity. It was also possible to identify quercetagetine-7-O-glucoside, a glycosylated flavone, with anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. Thus, it was found that G. chacoensis presents a great diversity of secondary metabolites with relevant biological activities, such as antioxidant and whitening activity, opening ways for deeper investigations of its applications, especially in the segment of cosmetics and natural products

Chemical Characterization and Antiradical Properties of Pyroligneous Acid from a Preserved Bamboo, Guadua angustifolia Kunth

Abstract Pyroligneous acid (PA) was obtained by condensation of the vapors produced in the thermal decomposition of culms residues from Guadua angustifolia Kunth (G. angustifolia) cultivated in Colombia, with and without previous preservation treatment with borax salts. Chemical characterization by GC-MS showed that PA extracts has high content of phenolic compounds. Mequinol, isocreosol, 4-ethylphenol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxytoluene and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol were the most abundant substances, identified. The total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity, were investigated. TPC showed a concentration of 1.959 mg GA g-1±0.010 and 3.844 mg GA g-1±0.027 to PAC and PAS samples. These samples also exhibited high DPPH activity of 70.975%±0.921 and, 16.667%±0.298, respectively. The chemical composition, TPC and DPPH results indicate that the PA extracts obtained from G. angustifolia may be used as a raw material in the food industry as natural preservative, in medicine as alternative to antibiotics and in agriculture as insect repellent and foliar fertilizer.

Clonal bamboo production based on in vitro culture / Produção de plantas clonais de bambu a partir do cultivo in vitro

Bamboo species are an alternative for the composition of forest plantations. However, their potential has not been explored due to the hard time in producing large-scale clonal plants. Thus, the aim this work was to evaluate the in vitro establishment, bud multiplication and ex vitro rooting of Bambusa vulgaris. The first experiment tested different systemic and contact fungicide solutions, based on exposure time, during the establishment phase. Established explants were subjected to evaluation of residual fungicide effect on subcultures during the multiplication and elongation phases. The second experiment evaluated the influence of activated carbon on ex vitro survival and on adventitious rooting. Explant immersion in liquid culture medium added with 1.0 mL of fungicide for 120 hours has favored the in vitro establishment and reduced fungal contamination. On the other hand, it favored the shoot emission of shoots per explant during the multiplication phase. Both rooting induction culture medium and mini-incubator system use were effective in enabling adventitious root formation. The presence of activated carbon in the rooting induction culture medium resulted in a higher clonal plant survival rate.

As espécies de bambus são uma alternativa para a composição de plantios florestais. Entretanto, esse potencial não tem sido explorado devido à dificuldade de produção de mudas clonais em larga escala. Assim, objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o estabelecimento in vitro, a multiplicação e o enraizamento ex vitro de Bambusa vulgaris. No primeiro experimento foram testadas diferentes soluções de fungicida sistêmico e de contato em relação ao tempo de exposição durante a fase de estabelecimento. Os explantes estabelecidos foram avaliados quanto ao efeito residual do fungicida durante subcultivos nas fases de multiplicação e alongamento. No segundo experimento, foi avaliada a influência do carvão ativado sobre a sobrevivência e enraizamento ex vitro. Durante o estabelecimento in vitro, a imersão de explantes em meio de cultura líquido contendo alíquota de 1,0 mL de fungicida durante 120 horas favoreceu o estabelecimento e reduziu a contaminação fúngica, enquanto na fase de multiplicação, houve o favorecimento da emissão de brotos por explante. O meio de cultura de indução ao enraizamento e uso de sistema de mini-estufim foram efetivos para a formação de raízes adventícias e a presença de carvão ativado resultou em uma maior sobrevivência das mudas clonais.

Psychophysiological Effects of Bamboo Plants on Adults / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

The present study was conducted to clarify the psychophysiological relaxation effects of viewing bamboo on university students. Forty healthy Chinese participants enrolled in this study to clarify the psychophysiological relaxation effects of viewing bamboo. The effects of visual stimulation using a pot both with and without a bamboo were recorded by measuring the student's blood pressure, EEG and STAI. We observed that viewing bamboo plants resulted in significantly lower systolic (female, P < 0.001; male, P < 0.001; P < 0.05) and diastolic (female, P < 0.001; male, P < 0.001; P < 0.05) blood pressures, but no changes in the pulse rate (female, P = 0.09; male, P = 0.07; P > 0.05) were observed. The results of the EEG analysis indicated brainwave variation (all P < 0.05) and lower anxiety scores (P < 0.01) after 3 min of viewing bamboo compared with the control. These findings indicate that visual stimulation with bamboo plants induced psychophysiological relaxation effects on adults.

Production and characterization of bamboo pellets / Produção e caracterização de pellets de bambu

Agroforestry biomass is a great energy alternative, with potential to produce pellets and briquettes. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of using the biomass of bamboo species to produce pellets. Mature culms of the species Bambusa vulgaris var. Vitatta, Dendrocalamus asper and Bambusa tuldoides were used, in addition to wood discs of 6 year-old hybrids of E. urophylla x E. grandis for comparative purposes. Biomass was characterized by the bulk density, proximate analysis, calorific value and energy density. Pellets were characterized (moisture content, length, diameter, durability, bulk, apparent and energy density) after production. All the characteristics of bamboo and eucalyptus pellets met the quality specifications required in international product marketing standards, except for the ash levels. The species Bambusa vulgaris var. vitatta, Dendrocalamus asper and Bambusa tuldoides had energy characteristics that indicate its potential for being used as an energy source in the form of pellets.

A biomassa agroflorestal é uma ótima alternativa energética, com potencial para produzir pellets e briquetes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial de uso da biomassa de espécies de bambu para produzir pelotas. Colmos maduros da espécie Bambusa vulgaris var. Vitatta, Dendrocalamus asper e Bambusa tuldoides foram utilizado, além de discos de madeira de híbridos de E. urophylla x E. grandis de 6 anos para fins comparativos. A biomassa foi caracterizado pela densidade a granel, análise aproximada, valor calorífico e densidade de energia. Pellets foram caracterizados (teor de umidade, comprimento, diâmetro, durabilidade, volume, aparente e densidade de energia) após a produção. Todas as características de pelotas de bambu e eucalipto atendem às especificações de qualidade exigidas pelas normas internacionais de comercialização de produtos, com exceção dos níveis de cinza. As espécies Bambusa vulgaris var. vitatta, Dendrocalamus asper e Bambusa tuldoides tinham características energéticas que indicam o seu potencial para ser utilizado como fonte de energia na forma de pellets.

Estudios para el aprovechamiento potencial de hojas de Guadua angustifolia Kunth (Poaceae), para el sector cosmético / Studies for the potential utilization of Guadua angustifolia Kunth (Poaceae) leaves for the cosmetic sector

Introducción: el aprovechamiento de residuos agroindustriales es una práctica que se trata de implementar por el impacto ambiental que representa. Objetivo: realizar un análisis bromatológico y fitoquimico de las hojas de Guadua y evaluar el efecto de algunas variables implicadas en el proceso de obtención del materia vegetal que puedan afectar el rendimiento y la actividad antioxidante del extracto hidroalcohólico. Métodos: se identificó cualitativamente los metabolitos secundarios presentes en las hojas y se complementó con un estudio bromatológico según normas AOAC. Mediante diseños de comparación simple y diseño factorial 22, se determinó la influencia del proceso de secado (natural y controlado), el tamaño de partícula (120 µm y 64 µm), edad de los cultivos (3-4 años) y el tiempo de almacenamiento de las hojas secas y molidas (1 y 6 meses) sobre el rendimiento de extracción y la actividad antioxidante ( Folin Ciocalteu y DPPH) del extracto hidroalcohólico. Resultados: las hojas secas revelan presencia de compuestos con actividad antioxidante (flavonoides y fenoles) y un 2,4 por ciento de nitrógeno menor al reportado para otros bambús. A partir de las hojas se puede obtener un extracto hidroalcohólico con un rendimiento hasta del 10,6 por ciento y con actividad antioxidante hasta de 9,2 mg ácido gálico/100g y 14,5 mg Trolox /100g. Se observó que la propiedad antioxidante del extracto hidroalcohólico y el rendimiento de extracción no varían con la edad de los cultivos (3-4 años) de donde provienen las hojas, ni con el método de secado, ni con el tiempo de almacenamiento de las hojas, mientras que si cambian con el tamaño de partícula. Conclusión: las hojas de Guadua por su actividad antioxidante son una materia prima potencial para ser usada en la industria cosmética(AU)

Introduction: the use of agro-industrial wastes is a practice that has been implemented by the environmental impact it represents. Objective: to perform a bromatological and phytochemical analysis of Guadua leaves and to evaluate the effect of some variables involved in the process of obtaining plant material that may affect the yield and the antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract. Methods: secondary metabolites in the leaves were qualitatively identified and then supplemented with bromatologic study according to AOAC standards. Through a simple comparison designs and factorial design 22, there was determined the influence of the drying process (natural and controlled), the particle size (120 and 64 µm), crop age (3-4 years) and storage time of the dried and ground leaves (1 and 6 months) on the extraction yield and antioxidant activity (DPPH Folin and Ciocalteu) of hydroalcoholic extract. Results: dried leaves revealed the presence of compounds with antioxidant activity (flavonoids and phenols) and 2,4 percent nitrogen less than reported for other bamboo trees. From the leaves, one can obtain a hydroalcoholic extract with yield up to 10,6 percent and antioxidant activity up to 9,2 mg gallic acid / 100g and Trolox 14,5 mg / 100g. It was observed that neither age of the cultures (3-4 years) from leaves, the drying method, nor the time storage of leaves affect antioxidant properties and the extraction yield of hydroalcoholic extract, whereas these properties did change with the particle size. Conclusions: Guadua leaves, for their antioxidant activity, are a potential raw material for use in the cosmetics industry(AU)

Methodological alternatives in the estimate of biomass for young individuals of Bambusa spp / Alternativas metodológicas para estimativa de biomassa de indivíduos jovens de Bambusa spp

The objective of this work was to evaluate the distribution of biomass in compartments, as well as to test and select methods to estimate total biomass for species of Bambusa. For the test of the methods were evaluated: method of estimation from allometric models (total and by compartments), application of allometric equation from literature and method that uses the volume, the density and biomass expansion factor (BEF). Were evaluated using the destructive method, 24 bamboos of the species Bambusa oldhamii Munro and Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J. C. Wendl. For the estimation of biomass, were adjusted 5 models for the selection of the best one and the BEF calculated through the values of volume and density. These methodologies were compared among themselves and with the real biomass. The relationship of increased strength of independent variables with dried biomass measured was with dbh. In the adjustment of mathematical models, the best model was the 5 for the total biomass, model 1 for leaf and culm, and the model 3 for the limb. Of the three methodologies for estimating total biomass, the method of Biomass Expansion Factor demonstrated greater accuracy in estimates, being indicated, therefore, the potential use of this methodology.

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a distribuição da biomassa nos compartimentos, bem como, testar e selecionar métodos para estimativa de biomassa total para o gênero Bambusa. Para o teste dos métodos foram avaliados: método da estimativa a partir de modelos alométricos, aplicação de equação alométrica obtida por literatura e método que utiliza o volume, a densidade e o fator de expansão da biomassa (FEB). Foram avaliados, utilizando o método destrutivo, 24 bambus das espécies Bambusa oldhamii Munro e Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J. C. Wendl. Para a estimativa de biomassa, foram ajustados 5 modelos para a seleção do melhor e calculado o FEB através dos valores de volume e densidade, metodologias estas comparadas entre si e com a biomassa real. A relação de maior força das variáveis independentes com as biomassas secas mensuradas se deu com o dap. No ajuste dos modelos matemáticos, o melhor modelo foi o 5 para o compartimento total, modelo 1 para folhagem e colmo, e o modelo 3 para os galhos. Das três metodologias de estimativa da biomassa total, o método do Fator de Expansão da Biomassa demonstrou maior acurácia nas estimativas, sendo indicada, portanto, a potencial utilização dessa metodologia.

Percepção dos enfermeiros gestores da atenção primária sobre o processo de enfermagem / Percepción de directores de la enfermera de salud primaria en el proceso de enfermería / Perception of primary healthcare management nurses on the nursing process

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a percepção dos enfermeiros gestores da atenção primária à saúde sobre o processo de enfermagem. Método: estudo qualitativo em que os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas e analisados a partir da Análise de Conteúdo proposta por Bardin. Resultados: os gestores reconhecem a importância do processo de enfermagem, embora sua implementação não seja prioridade no momento. Existe dificuldade conceitual e não compreensão de que a implementação da metodologia de assistência deva perpassar pela gestão municipal. Conclusão: necessita-se de ampliação da visão dos gestores quanto à importância do processo de enfermagem e qualificação dos profissionais. Acredita-se na participação ativa dos órgãos legisladores de enfermagem, gestão local de saúde e governo federal para que a implementação do processo de enfermagem seja viabilizada. .

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar las percepciones de los gerentes de enfermería de atención primaria de salud en el proceso de enfermería. Métodos: estudio cualitativo; los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas y analizados desde el Análisis de Contenido propuesta por Bardin referencial teórico. Resultados: los gerentes reconocen la importancia del proceso de enfermería, aunque su aplicación no es la prioridad en este momento. No hay ninguna dificultad conceptual y la comprensión de que la ejecución de la ayuda metodología debe impregnar la gestión municipal. Conclusión: es necesario ampliar la visión de los administradores en cuanto a la importancia del proceso y la calificación de enfermería. Cree en la participación activa de los órganos legislativos de enfermería, administración de salud local y el gobierno federal para la aplicación del proceso de enfermería es factible. .

ABSTRACT Objective: this qualitative study aimed to analyze the perceptions of primary health care management nurses on the nursing process. Method: data were collected through interviews and analyzed by the Content Analysis proposed by Bardin’s theoretical framework. Results: managers recognize the importance of the nursing process, although its implementation was not a priority at the time of the interviews. A conceptual diffi culty and a lack of understanding that the implementation of the care methodology should be a cross-departmental action in the local healthcare management were clearly observed. Conclusion: managers should have their perspectives broadened concerning the relevance of the nursing process and the professional training. The active participation of legislative nursing bodies, local healthcare management and the federal government may open the way for the effective implementation of the nursing process. .

Acute and 28-day sub-acute oral toxicity evaluation of two dietary bamboo charcoal powders in Sprague-Dawley rats / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

No data were available on the acute oral toxicity, short-term oral toxicity of vegetable carbon in animals. This study was designed to evaluate the safety of two commercially available dietary bamboo charcoal powders (BCP1 and BCP2). The size distribution of the two powders was determined by a Mastersizer 2000 laser particle size analyzer prior to the in vivo safety studies. For the acute toxicity study, a single dose of 11.24 g/kg body weight of BCP1 and BCP2 was given once orally to healthy Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Mortality and clinical symptoms were observed and recorded for the first 30 min after treatment, at 4 h post-administration, and then at least once daily for 14 days after administration. In the repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study, BCP1 and BCP2 were administered orally at doses of 2.81, 5.62, and 11.24 g/kg body weight for 28 days to SD rats. Animals were sacrificed and organs and blood samples were analyzed. Results showed that both BCP1 and BCP2 were micro-sized and various in size. In the acute toxicity and the repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity studies, BCP caused neither mortality nor visible signs of toxicity in rats. No significant differences were found in the relative organ weights or in biochemical parameters in BCP treated groups compared to a control group. No treatment-related histological changes were observed in the organs of these animals. Based on these data, it is concluded that the median lethal dose (LD50) of BCP for both male and female rats is more than 11.24 g/kg body weight and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) is >11.24 g/kg body weight for 28 days.

Evaluating the Environmental Health Effect of Bamboo-Derived Volatile Organic Compounds through Analysis the Metabolic Indices of the Disorder Animal Model / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify the bamboo VOCs (volatile organic compounds) effect on animal physiological indices, which associated with human health.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>GC/MS was used to analyze the volatile organic compounds from Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocyla cv. pubescens). The effect of VOCs on environmental health was evaluated by analyzing the metabolic indices of the type 2 diabetic mouse model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Spectra of VOC generated by GC/MS were blasted against an in-house MS library confirming the identification of 33 major components that were manually validated. The relative constituent compounds as a percentage of total VOCs determined were alcohols (34.63%), followed by ether (22.02%), aldehyde (15.84%), ketone (11.47%), ester (4.98%), terpenoid (4.38%), and acids (3.83%). Further experimentation established that the metabolic incidence of the disease can be improved if treated with vanillin, leaf alcohol, β-ionone and methyl salicylate. The effects of these VOCs on type 2 diabetes were evident in the blood lipid and blood glucose levels.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our model suggests that VOCs can potentially control the metabolic indices in type 2 diabetes mice. This experiment data also provides the scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization of ornamental bamboos and some reference for other similar study of environmental plants.</p>

Large scale propagation of an exotic edible bamboo, Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex H. De Lehale (Moso Bamboo) using seeds.

For ex vitro propagation, seeds of P.pubescens were treated with different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) and germination of seeds was tested both in plastic pots as well as by direct sowing in the nursery beds. Maximum seed germination was achieved when treated with 200 mgL–1 (w/v) GA3. For in vitro propagation, an exposure of nodal explants from in vitro raised seedlings to 0.2 mgL–1 1–phenyl–3–(1,2,3–thiadiazol–5–yl) urea and 1 mgL–1 kinetin supplemented medium for 30 days and thereafter to hormone free Murashige and Skoog basal medium resulted in axillary shoot proliferation. For rooting, in vitro raised shoots were exposed to MS medium containing 2 mgL–1 indole-3-butyric acid for 15 days and then shifted to hormone free medium. On an average, 2.8 shoots were obtained in 75% of the cultures within 4 weeks. Such in vitro raised plants were successfully hardened and shifted to field conditions.

Investigação de ratada associada a florescimento e frutificação de taquaras em São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2012 / Investigación e ratada asociaa a florecimiento y frutificación de tacuaras een são francisco do sul, santa Catarina, Brasil, 2012 / Research on odennt outbreak associated with flowering and fruiting of bamboos in são francisco do sul, santa Catarina, Brazil, 2122

A reprodução e a morte massiva de plantas de longa vida, como taquaras e bambus, estão associadas historicamente a episódios de ratadas. A superpopulação de roedores, que é favorecida pelo evento reprodutivo desses vegetais, traz consigo grandes prejuízos e riscos de emergências de doenças. Nesta nota, relatamos o episódio de ratada ocorrido no município de São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina. Para subsidiar esta comunicação foram feitas observações de campo, entrevistas não estruturadas e coleta de material biológico em novembro de 2012. Foi constatada a reprodução da taquara do gênero Merostachys e a invasão subsequente de domicílios por roedores dos gêneros Oligoryzomys e Akodon, reservatórios de hantavírus, no sul do Brasil.

Reproduction and massive death of long lived plants like bamboo are historically associated with episodes of mouse outbreaks. The over population of rodents that is favored by the reproduction of these vegetables brings big losses and risks of emerging diseases. In this note we report the mouse outbreaks happened in the district of São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil. In order to supoort this communication we conducted observations, unstructured interview and sand collection of biological material in November 2012. It was found bamboo reproduction of the genus Merostachys and subsequent invasion of houses by rodents of the genus Oligoryzomys and Akodon, which are hantavirus reservoirs, in southern Brazil.

La reproducción y muerte masiva de plantas de larga vida, como tacuaras y bambús, están asociadas históricamente a episodios de ratadas. La superpoblación de roedores, que es favorecida por el evento reproductivo de esos vegetales, trae consigo grandes perjuicios y riesgos de emergencias de enfermedades. En esta nota, relatamos el episodio de ratada ocurrido en el municipio de São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina. Para subsidiar esta comunicación fueron hechas observaciones de campo, entrevistas no estructuradas y recogida de material biológico en noviembre de 2012. Fue constatada la reproducción de la tacuara del género Merostachys y la invasión subsecuente de domicilios por roedores de los géneros Oligoryzomys e Akodon, reservorios de hantavirus, en el sur de Brasil.

Molecular cloning, expression pattern, and putative cis-acting elements of a 4-coumarate: CoA ligase gene in bamboo (Neosinocalamus affinis)

Background: 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) plays an important role at the divergence point from general phenylpropanoid metabolism to several branch pathways. Although 4CL sin higher plants have been extensively studied, little has known about the 4CL gene of bamboo. Results: In current study, a Na4CL gene putative encoding 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) and its 5’-flanking region were isolated from bamboo (Neosinocalamus affinis) by RACE-PCR and genomic DNA walker, respectively. Na4CL encodes a predicted protein of 557 amino acids, with conserved motifs of adenylate-forming enzymes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Na4CL shared 62~85 percent identity with other known plant 4CLs, and cluster closely with some known 4CLs in monocots. Sequence analysis revealed conserved cis-acting elements (Box A and AC-II element) present in the Na4CL promoter. Additionally, a Na4CL RNAi construct was transformed into tobacco. Transgenic tobaccos displayed significant down-expression of endogenesis 4CL and reduced lignin contents. Conclusion: These results contribute to the knowledge of the presence of Na4CL gene and its possible role in phenylpropanoid metabolism.

Avaliação farmacognostica qualitativa das folhas do vegetal Bambusa textilis / Qualitative pharmacognostic evaluation of leaves of Bambusa textilis

Introdução: Os bambus pertencem à família Graminae, subfamília Bambusoidae, representados por cerca de 1250 espécies no mundo. Originalmente empregados na construção civil e alimentação, atualmente são alvo de investigações relacionadas às suas propriedades terapêuticas em neoplasias. As principais espécies utilizadas para fins terapêuticos baseado no conhecimento popular são: Phyllostachys nigra; Bambusa breiflora; Bambusa tuldoides e a Bambusa textilis. A literatura sobre a ação terapêutica das espécies de bambu é escassa, porém estudos recentes relatam um promissor efeito no tratamento de neoplasias e outras doenças crônicas. Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo avaliar, qualitativamente a composição fitoquímica de extrato vegetal obtido a partir das folhas da espécie de bambu Bambusa textilis, comparando esta composição entre folhas de vegetais com 18 e 24 meses de idade. Metodologia: Após a coleta de folhas do vegetal com 18 ou 24 meses, as mesmas foram identificadas e submetidas à secagem e moagem. Para análise qualitativa de seus componentes foram empregados os métodos de avaliação macroscópica (mucilagens), método do Benjoim (resinas), reação de Shinoda (flavonóides), reação com solução de gelatina (taninos), fervura e formação de espuma (saponinas) e empregos dos reativos de Wagner, Bertrand, Dragendorff, Mayer, ácido pícrico e ácido tânico (alcalóides) (BIAVATTI; LEITE, 2007). Resultados: nas folhas mais jovens foram encontrados resultados positivos para alcalóides, flavonóides, resinas e saponinas. Nas folhas do vegetal com 24 meses foram encontrados apenas alcalóides flavonóides e resinas.

Introduction: Bamboos belong to the family Graminae, Bambusoidae subfamily, represented by about 1,250 species worldwide. Originally employed in construction and power, are currently the subject of investigations related to its therapeutic properties in neoplasms.The main species used for therapeutic purposes based on popular knowledge are: Phyllostachys nigra; Bambusa breiflora; tuldoides Bambusa textilis and Bambusa. The literature on the therapeutic action of bamboo species is scarce, but recent studies report a promising effect in the treatment of cancer and other chronic diseases. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate qualitatively the phytochemical composition of plant extract obtained from the leaves of the bamboo species Bambusa textilis, comparing this composition from vegetable leaves with 18 and 24 months of age. Methodology: After collecting plant leaves with 18 or 24 months, they were identified and submitted to drying and milling. For qualitative analysis of its components were employed methods of macroscopic evaluation (mucilage), method of benzoin (resin), reaction Shinoda (flavonoids), reaction with gelatin solution (tannins), boiling and foaming (saponins) and jobs of reactive Wagner, Bertrand, Dragendorff, Mayer, picric acid and tannic acid (alkaloids) (Biavatti; MILK, 2007). Results: in the youngest leaves were found positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, resins and saponins. In the leaves of the plant with 24 months were found only alkaloids flavonoids and resins.

O bambu Merostachys fischeriana (Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) como habitat para formigas de Floresta Tropical Montana / The bamboo Merostachys fischeriana (Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) as a canopy habitat for ants of Neotropical Montane Forest

Although Merostachys fischeriana is very abundant in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, little attention has been paid to the biological interactions with other animals. The present study describes some of the interactions between ants and this bamboo species. The experiment was carried out in a fragment of a montane tropical forest in the Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, near Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil. Thirty culms of bamboo were randomly collected. The ants were obtained by direct collection from nodes and internodes. Morphometric variables of the bamboo were recorded for characterization of potential ant habitat. Merostachys fischeriana grows in rosettes as a thin bamboo (average = 1,0 cm; se = 0,27; n = 20) and is tall enough to reach the upper canopy of this low forest (average = 9,1 m; se = 2,72; n = 20). Fifteen ant species were sampled. Brachymyrmex heeri Forel was the most abundant in the nodes, while Camponotus crassus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) was the most abundant in the internodes. The composition of the species that inhabit the internodes was different from the composition in the node (Q-test: Q = 3,76; P = 0,05). The level of occupation was defined by the number of holes (F = 10,33; P < 0,01), the number of internodes in the canopy (F = 6,84; P = 0,01) and the length of the culm (F = 7,52; P = 0,01). The plant's morphology allowed the occurrence of additional species of ants in the canopy and influenced the composition of the entire ant assemblage.

Isolation of total RNA from hard bamboo tissue rich in polyphenols and polysaccharides for gene expression studies

RNA isolation from hard and woody internodal bamboo (Bambusa balcooa) tissue is very difficult due to the presence of secondary metabolites, polysaccharides, and polyphenolics. These compounds often co-precipitate with isolated RNA and hinder downstream applications. We have developed an efficient, cost effective and reproducible RNA isolation method from hard tissue of bamboo internode. This protocol includes an additional organic solvent refinement steps to remove endogenous phenolic compounds and acidic phenol (pH 4.2) to critically stabilize RNA in extraction buffer. In addition to these, two 2M Lithium chloride washing steps were introduced to eliminate DNA and polysaccharides contamination. The RNA isolated from the present protocol was found to be superior, when compared to total RNA extracted by other available protocols. The A260/A280 absorption ratio of the isolated RNA was found ranging between 1.89-1.97. The integrity of 28S and 18S rRNA was highly satisfactory when analyzed in agarose denaturing gel. RNA was further used for RT PCR, northern hybridization, cDNA library and subtractive hybridization without any further refinement.

Plantas del género bambusa: importancia y aplicaciones en la industria farmacéutica, cosmética y alimentaria / Plants of the genus bambusa: importance and application in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industry

Las plantas del género Bambusa han enriquecido nuestra vida en múltiples maneras. Sus brotes comestibles presentan características sensoriales especiales para la cultura oriental, y sus hojas son materia prima para numerosos productos como alimentos, medicamentos y cosméticos. Algunos compuestos aislados de las hojas de bambú presentan alta actividad antioxidante y baja toxicidad, por lo cual se utilizan actualmente como aditivos en la producción de alimentos funcionales. En nuestra cultura sus tallos, usados en el pasado para hacer andamios, siguen siendo utilizados en construcción, en muebles y manualidades. Cuando el bambú se carboniza a altas temperaturas, se convierte en un tipo de carbón altamente poroso, que puede desodorizar, desinfectar, purificar, absorber la humedad, e inclusive bloquear las ondas electromagnéticas. Las fábricas japonesas comenzaron a producir el carbón de bambú hace más de una década. En el proceso de carbonización, también se obtiene otro producto secundario, el vinagre de bambú, que contiene compuestos con actividad desinfectante, antioxidante y estimulante del crecimiento foliar. En este artículo se presenta una documentación de los usos y las perspectivas de obtención de productos de alto valor agregado, con aplicaciones farmacéuticas, cosméticas y alimentarias, obtenidos de la transformación de bambúes, así como del valor económico y comercial de las plantas del género Bambusa, especialmente de la Guadua angustifolia kunth en Colombia.